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Hajnal line
The Hajnal line is a border that links Saint Petersburg, Russia and Trieste, Italy. In 1965, John Hajnal discovered it divides Europe into two areas characterized by a different levels of nuptiality. To the west of the line, marriage rates and thus fertility were comparatively low and a significant minority of women married late or remained single; to the east of the line and in the Mediterranean and select pockets of Northwestern Europe, early marriage was the norm and high fertility was countered by high mortality.〔Hajnal, John (1965): ''European marriage pattern in historical perspective'' en D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, (eds.) ''Population in History'', Arnold, Londres.〕〔Kertzer, David I and Marzio Barbagli. 2001. The history of the European family. New Haven: Yale University Press. p xiv〕
==Overview==
West of this line, the average age of marriage for women was 23 or more,〔Levine, David (1977): Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism, Academic Press. 152〕 men 26, spouses were relatively close in age,〔Laslett, Peter. 1965. The World We Have Lost. New York, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p 82〕 a substantial number of women married for the first time in their thirties and forties, and 10% to 20% of adults never married.〔Coontz, Stephanie. 2005. Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage. New York, New York: Viking Press, Penguin Group Inc. p 125-129.〕〔De Moor, Tine and Jan Luiten van Zanden. 2009. (Girl power: the European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period ). Wiley Online Library. p 17〕 East of the line, the mean age of both sexes at marriage was earlier, spousal age disparity was greater and marriage more nearly universal. Subsequent research has amply confirmed Hajnal's continental divide, and what has come to be known as the 'Western European marriage pattern', although historical demographers have also noted that there are significant variations within the region; to the west of the line, about half of all women aged 15 to 50 years of age were married while the other half were widows or spinsters; to the east of the line, about seventy percent of women in that age bracket were married while the other thirty percent were widows or nuns.〔Kertzer 2001; 224-225〕 That a number of widows remarried also kept the age of marriage comparatively high;〔Bryson, Bill. 2011. At Home: A Short History of Private Life. Anchor Press. p. 337〕 if women married for the first time at twenty-one years of age and twenty percent of all weddings featured a widowed bride and the average age of remarriage was forty years then the average marriage age for women would be 24.8 years: (21 × 0.8) + (40 × 0.2) = 24.8.〔Hajnal, 1965. p 108-109〕 The proportion of marriages that were remarriages (widows and/or widowers marrying again) in the late 1500s was as high as thirty percent; that proportion had fallen to just over eleven percent in the early 1800s.〔Wrigley, E.A. and R.S. Schofield. 1981. The population history of England, 1541-1871: a reconstruction. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press. p 258-259〕
While the average age at first marriage had climbed to 25 for women and 27 for men in England and the Low Countries by the end of the 16th century,〔De Moor, 2009; 17〕 and the percentage of Englishwomen marrying fell from over 90% to just over 80% through the 17th century and their average age at first marriage rose to 26,〔David Cressy. Birth, Marriage, and Death : Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England. Oxford University Press, May 29, 1997. Pg 285〕 there was nonetheless great variation within Western Europe; while Lowland Scotland saw patterns similar to England, with women married in the middle twenties after a period of domestic service, the high birth rate of Highland Scotland and the Hebrides imply a lower age of marriage for the bride.〔A. Lawrence, "Women in the British Isles in the sixteenth century", in R. Tittler and N. Jones, eds, ''A Companion to Tudor Britain'' (Oxford: Blackwell John Wiley & Sons, 2008), ISBN 1405137401, p. 384.〕 Similarly, in 1620 the average age of first marriage for Swedish women was roughly 20–21 years and the proportion of single women was less than 10%, but by the end of the 18th century it had risen to roughly 26 years and continued to climb with the celibacy rate as a result of falling infant mortality rates, declining famines, and other factors.〔Palm Lennart, Schott Raphaëlle, ''Le changement caché du système démographique suédois à «l'Époque de la Grandeur».'', Annales de démographie historique 2/ 2001 (no 102), p. 141-172 〕 Similarly, Ireland's age of marriage in 1830 was 23.8 for women and 27.47 for men where they had once been 21 and 25, respectively, and only bout 10% of adults remained unmarried;〔Lee, Joseph J. 2008. ''The Modernization of Irish Society, 1848-1918''. Pg. 3.〕 in 1840, they had respectively risen to 24.4 and 27.7;〔Mokyr, Joel. 2013. Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1800-1850. Routledge Press. Pg. 72.〕〔O'Neill, Kevin. 2003. ''Family and Farm in Pre-Famine Ireland: The Parish of Killashandra''. University of Wisconsin Press. Pg. 180.〕 in the decades after the Great Famine, the age of marriage had risen to 28-29 for women and 33 for men and as much as a third of Irishmen and a fourth of Irishwomen never married due to chronic economic problems that discouraged early marriage〔Nolan, Janet. 1986. ''Ourselves Alone: Women's Emigration from Ireland, 1885-1920''. University Press of Kentucky. Pg. 74-75〕
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